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Creating Born Criminals, by Nicole Rafter
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Genetic screening, new reproductive technologies, gene therapies, and the reality of cloning all make biological solutions to human social problems seem possible. Creating Born Criminals shows how history can guide us in our response to the reemergence of eugenics. The first social history of biological theories of crime in sixty years, it examines those theories' origins and content, showing their undue influence on crime control in the United States.
- Sales Rank: #1179766 in Books
- Published on: 1998-03-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.00" w x 6.00" l, 1.21 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 320 pages
Review
"In a highly readable and superbly researched study, Dr. Rafter traces the origins of the evocative concept of the 'defective delinquent'. She explores the complex origins of biocriminology, which can be traced to several discrete developments of the mid-nineteenth century, the most important of which was the discovery of abnormal mental states distinct from flagrant insanity... Dr. Rafter never allows us to forget the implications of her work for modern policy-making." -- Phillip Jenkins, American Historical Review
About the Author
Nicole Hahn Rafter is a professor in the College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University. Her most recent book is White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877-1919.
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
The Historical Origins of Eugenic Criminology
By Simon Cole
Nicole Hahn Rafter's latest historical study of criminology and penology, Creating Born Criminals, traces the convoluted development of a category of persons known as "defective delinquents." As the name implies, this category combined criminality with a state of arrested development, which today we would call "mental retardation" or "developmental disability," but over the course of the period Rafter covers was known variously as "imbecility," "feeble-mindedness," or "psychopathy." Rafter traces the origins of what she calls "eugenic custodialism" to the founding of the Newark Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women in New York in 1878. "The Custodial," as it was called, was explicitly designed to confine "feeble-minded" women of child-bearing age in order to protect society against "bad heredity." Though some of these women would be called mentally retarded today, many were simply poor and/or guilty of sexual indiscretions. The founding of this unabashedly eugenic institution, Rafter argues, marked "the first time in U.S. history that the body itself was criminalized." Focusing primarily, but not exclusively, on New York State, Rafter goes on to describe how, in the 1910s, criminologists transformed the feebleminded criminal into the "defective delinquent." Criminologists "reconceptualized dangerousness as not violent behavior but a condition, an invisible hereditary defect carried by even minor offenders." Again, women preceded men into the realm of eugenic criminology. In 1920, New York passed its first defective delinquent law. "For the first time in the United States, prisoners deemed feebleminded" were given indefinite sentences. Although defective delinquent theory fell out of favor soon after the founding of the institutions inspired by it, Rafter found that some inmates spent virtually their entire adult lives at in prison under these laws. Inevitably, these unfortunates tended to be the truly mentally retarded, the prisoners least able to negotiate the administrative hurdles that would lead to release. In an age where incapacitative sentences appear to be making a comeback under various guises, ranging from "three-strikes" laws to the civil commitment of sex offenders, Creating Born Criminals ought to be required reading for everyone interested in criminal justice issues.
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